How when and where history class 8 : Cbse board Class 8 History Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

There was a time when people believed that history was merely a string of dates. When they memorized those dates, it appeared to be very dull and boring to the readers. Historians wrote about the year when a king was crowned, the year he married, the year he had a child, the year he fought a particular war, about the court intrigues and the year he died. For such events, dates were assigned by the historians.

There was a time when history gave an account of battles and big events, it was about rulers and their policies. Now, history also tells us about the changes taking place over time, how things were in the past, and how things have changed. Historians also write about many other issues and matters. Now, they tell us how the cities developed, how people earned their livelihood, what they produced how markets came up, and what led to the rise and spread of many ideas. There needs to be clear dates for such processes. All these events happened over some time. However, we can only refer to a period during which those events happened.
how when and where history

IMPORTANCE OF DATES

Your year of birth is an important event for you and your parents. Similarly, many dates are important for the course of history, Precise dates are relevant only for some key events, such as the year of Independence of India, the year (1915) when Gandhiji returned to India from South Africa and took over the freedom struggle from Bal Gangadhar Tilak, the Congress party leader. Once we go to more distant pasts, historians explain different events in terms of periods.

HOW DO WE PERIODISE?

When we write history or story, we divide it into chapters, because each chapter gives coherence to our narration, events that help us to give shape to the story. In 1817, James Mill, a Scottish economist and political philosopher, published a massive three-volume work- The History of British India. In this, he divided Indian history into three periods-Hindu, Muslim, and British. This leads us to another question, that is, why we want to divide history into periods. We divide it into periods to know the main characteristics of the period, it reflects our ideas about the past and our understanding of the past.

However, the periodization by James Mill stands problematic. We cannot refer to any period as the Hindu period or Muslim period because many religions and faiths existed simultaneously during those periods, e.g., in the Hindu period as referred to by James Mill- Chandragupta Maurya was a Jain, Ashoka, his grandson was a Buddhist, and rulers of Gupta Dynasty were the followers of Hinduism. We cannot describe an age by the religion of the rulers only. If we do it, it will be misleading because we will be ignoring the lives and practices of others.

Another classification that we have borrowed from the West, is the division of Indian history into ancient, medieval, and modern. In Western countries, modernity is synonymous with democracy, equality, liberty, science, reason, discoveries, and economic growth. The word 'medieval' describes a society where these features of modern society did not exist.

We cannot use this definition of 'modern' in the case of India because under British rule, people did not have equality, freedom, or liberty, and it was a period of economic growth for India. Many historians call this period 'colonial'.

WHAT IS COLONIALISM?

British came to India as traders and established themselves as conquerors, subjugating local Rajas and Nawabs. They even monopolized the economy. They collected revenue, bought commodities at low prices, and produced crops that gave them profit. British rule brought changes in political, cultural, social, and economic fields. This period is called colonization.

The period of British rule (1751 AD-1947 AD) is mainly described as the colonial period by most of the historians. This period saw the development of European colonies in many parts of the world. These colonies gave some European nations an unmatched power to hold economic and administrative control over the colonies. The study of the colonial period is important as it shows the autocracy and ruthlessness by which the colonies were ruled by the European countries.

The East India Company started as a trading company and slowly spread its wings to take control of all aspects of life in India.

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SOURCES OF COLONIAL INFORMATION

What sources have historians used to write the history of India for the last 250 years?

The Records of Administration

One of the important sources is the official records of the British administration. They believed in giving written instructions, plans, policy decisions, and agreements. These could be easily read, discussed, and debated and could be preserved for posterity.

All documents were properly cataloged and dated. Specialized institutions like archives and museums were started to preserve important records.

In the early years of the 19th century, the documents were copied and written by calligraphists. Calligraphy is the art of producing decorative handwriting or lettering with a pen or brush and calligraphists are the professionals who know this art. By the middle of the 19th century, printing became important and all documents were printed and many copies were made.

Importance of Surveys

Under colonial administration, surveying became important. By the 19th century, surveys were done to map the entire country. Surveys were carried out to assess revenue, flora, fauna, topography, pattern of cropping, etc. in the country. From the end of the 19th century, the census was carried out. These helped to know the detailed demographic structure of an area, province, and country. In addition, surveys were also done for botany, zoology, archaeology, and forests.

What Official Records Do Not Tell?

The variety of records, all of which are official, helps us to know several interesting things. But since they were official, they do not tell us what people did in the country at that time. For this, we have to find other sources. These may include diaries of people, accounts of travelers, biographies of important persons, and accounts of leaders and reformers. Novelists, poets, and even newspapers also help us to learn about life in the country at that time. However, all these accounts were only about literate people. They do not tell us about the lives of tribals, peasants, and poor people. It is difficult to know about these people.

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USE OF ARCHIVE

An archive is a collection of historically valuable records, ranging from papers and documents to photographs, films, videotapes, and sound recordings. The British government, after 1857, had set up the National Archives of India in New Delhi to keep records of the events that took place in India.

Did India have an Archive of Pre-colonial Rule?

During ancient times, the Hindu kings did not have the art of keeping written records. In ancient times, only the Brahmins were educated and only they knew how to read and write. Writing was difficult as there was no paper at that time. Few records of events have been discovered written on Tamrapatra (copper plate).

Most of Indian history has been discovered by travelers such as Chinese travelers Hiuen-Tsang and Fa-Hien, and Venetian traveler Marco Polo who traveled through India. These travelers kept an account of everything they saw. From their accounts, we got an idea of the administration, social, and economic life of the contemporary people. Ashoka the Great kept records for public view on stone pillars which are still intact and can be seen in Delhi and other places in India.

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